Africa

Africa in the Nineteenth Century **
 * Imperialism Divides Africa **

**Mandate (aka trustee)** - a nation's assignment by an international body to govern or administer an area. **Sphere of Influence** - a region in which one nation claims to have exclusive control over other nations.
 * //__Vocabulary__//**


 * __//Main Ideas//__**
 * **Until the late nineteenth century, most of Africa was unknown to Europeans.**
 * **Starting in the 1870s, European nations competed with each other to establish colonies in Africa.**

__Africa and Europe__ __African Travels__
 * European colonies settled on African coastline by the 1650's.
 * Portugal had colonies in Angola and Mozambique.
 * Dutch settled parts of South Africa.
 * Colonies were ports used for trade of both goods and slaves.
 * **Dr. David Livingstone**
 * 1) Scottish medical missionary
 * 2) Searched for the source of the Nile River
 * 3) Crossed the Kalahari Desert
 * 4) First European to explore the Zambesi River
 * 5) First white person ever to go to Victoria Falls in 1855
 * 6) Died after more than 30 years of self-sacrifice and service in an African village in 1873
 * **Henry Morton Stanley**
 * 1) Journalist who wrote for the New York Herald; assigned to find Dr Livingstone
 * 2) Wrote //Through the Dark Continent// in 1878. The title implies both the color of the natives in the continent and Europe's ignorance of African life.
 * 3) Explored the Congo River twice
 * 4) Formed the Congo River Basin, a rich rubber source that led to the creation of the Congo Association Company
 * 5) Made treaties with the native chiefs, starting division of African land for the profit of European nations

__Europe Enters Africa__ Section B - European Influence in Africa **
 * Europeans felt African territory was available to anyone
 * Africans lived in simple tribal groups
 * Kingdoms and cities were in ruins or in decline
 * No formal national boundaries
 * **The Congo Free State**
 * 1) November 1885: Otto von Bismark calls conference - discusses international African dealing (European countries and U.S. attended)
 * 2) Africa wouldn't have official Europe nation connection - ** mandate ** = King Leopold
 * 3) Europe + U.S. = business rights in the Congo, stop slave trade, local people's rights protected
 * **King Leopold as the Congo Free State European Controller**
 * 1) Took advantage of the inability to make sure new laws were being followed
 * 2) Forced harsh labor on the natives for profit from natural resources (rubber, copper, ivory)
 * **Increased European Activity in Africa (+15 yrs after Congress of Berlin)**
 * 1) Increased colonization
 * 2) Increased products = huge rewards
 * **Joseph Conrad's 1902** //**Heart of Darkness**// **(British)**
 * 1) Greed, mystery, horror of African imperialism
 * 2) Story's main character: Kurtz; evil/half-mad ivory trader, abuses native Africans

1870s - European nations competed with each other to establish colonies in Africa.
 * //__Main Idea__//**

__Egypt and North Africa__
 * **1869 - Suez Canal is completed**
 * 1) Links the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea
 * 2) Regarded as a key link to eastern colonies such as India, Burma, Malaya
 * **1882 - Egypt becomes a British Protectorate**
 * **French establish protectorates in North Africa, increasing the French's sphere of influence **
 * 1) Tunisia - 1881
 * 2) Morocco - 1912

__ Africa South of the Sahara __
 * **King Leopold II gives control of the Congo Free State to the Belgian parliament**
 * 1) 1908 - Congo Free State becomes the Belgian Congo
 * **Germany and Great Britain decide to share power in East Africa.**
 * 1) 1886 - British East Africa (Kenya)
 * 2) 1891 - German East Africa (Tanzania)
 * **The British also established protectorates in Nigeria and the Gold Coast - 1884**
 * **The Germans established a protectorates in southwest Africa (Namibia) - 1884**
 * **Italians**
 * 1) Somaliland - protectorate
 * 2) Eritrea - protectorate
 * 3) 1896 - Defeated by the Ethiopians in the Battle of Adowa
 * 4) 1912 - Libya is gained from the Turkish
 * **Portuguese**
 * 1) Mozambique - protectorate
 * 2) Angola - protectorate
 * **Cape of Good Hope**
 * 1) Settled in 1650s by Dutch
 * 2) 1795 - British establish a political and military hold on Cape Good Hope
 * 3) Boers move inland from Cape Good Hope - find gold and diamonds
 * **Boer War**
 * 1) Broke out in 1899
 * 2) British win - lose 500,000 troops
 * 3) British gain mining rights in the northern part of the region
 * **1910 - Union of South Africa is created**

 The cartoon here depicts the alliance and the way the British saw the native Fantees at the Gold Coast in Nigeria. (Nigeria was a bit of Africa Great Britain made into a protectorate.) The British sentry comes across a native African and demands who is there. However, after a quick look at the individual's appearance, the sentry suspects the African of being a Fantee. The Fantee were a native tribe, known for their rather muscular bodies and very dark skin, that resided at the Gold Coast. When the British arrived, the Fantee were fighting over territory with a rival native tribe, the Ashantee. Along with the help from the British, the Ashantee were defeated. As a result, the Fantee were left alone for almost a half a century by rival tribes because of the British protection. The Fantee is drawn with very the muscular body and very dark skin, but monkey-like features are also included. This shows that they even though they were allies to the British, they were thought of as animals, or a lesser race to the very human-like sentry, representing the British.
 * Political Cartoons: [[image:file:///Users/student/Desktop/csl3497l.jpg]]**
 * The political cartoon says: "Who goes there?" Young Sentry (on the Gold Coast) "Hello! Shall I shoot first, and challenge afterwards? Stop a bit, though; perhaps it's one of our Fantee allies!"*

This cartoon depicts the fight between the British and the Dutch descendants, the Boers. Both wanted Cape Good Hope, especially once the Boers found the gold and diamonds. The British is the fat man standing on the left with his white hat on the ground. The Boer is the man with his back to the viewer and his dark hat lying on the ground. Both hats on the ground signifies both of the ethnic groups' defiance to let the other take the land. This also shows that the British didn't respect immigrants or natives that didn't speak English.

// **Primary Source** // http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/96sep/congo/stanley.htm The excerpt from Henry Morton Stanley's novel //Through the Dark Continent,// describes the increase in industrialization the imperialism in Africa brought. Outside of the house was a rather dangerous river with the //Kabinda// steamer easily passing through. Many of the native Africans with Stanley on the expedition were amazed at the boat's ability to move by steam and fire. Before, some of the boat's passengers that went down that river never made it because of the rough water. The //Kabinda// on the other hand is maintaining her steady pace and showing no signs of distress.

http://wysinger.homestead.com/berlinconference.html Berlin. In 1885 a conference was held in Berlin, Germany. It was led by Otto von Bismarck, along with U.S members to talk about who gets what from Africa. They agreed to hold King Leopold of Belgium accountable for government of the new territory. Leopold 's and many other nations such as France and Germany's goal was to gain new resources. This was known as the need for raw materials. This desire to move all these nations into Africa led to Africans suffering the consequences of getting the materials. Leopold used the African natives to get these materials by beating them to make them work. Article 4 says that each state is allowed do do what they wish with their land. They can even modify their civilization to fit customs for new resources. The only issue is that people must know they have a ruler, and they must treat their authority with respect. This overall connects to slavery and show a negative aspect of imperialism in Africa.

1. A nation's assignment to govern another area is__.
 * Quiz #1 **

2. What were two things that Europeans thought about Africa?

3. What were two things members of the Congress of Berlin voted for?

4. Describe the cities/kingdoms of Africa.

5. What are two out of the three products from Africa brought rewards?

**Quiz #2** 1. Why was the Suez Canal important to Great Britain?

2. How did the French government increase its sphere of influence?

3. What two nations agreed to share their sphere of influence in Africa?

4. Who won the Boer War and gained mining rights in the northern part of the Cape of Good Hope?

5. What group tried to find a way to divide Africa fairly between the European countries?

Creators of this Wiki Page: Notes A: S McCollum Notes B: M Grimes Editing: T Folan and J Varnauskas Quiz A: C Alexander Quiz B: S Murphy Political Cartoon 1: S Tynan Political Cartoon 2: L Cormier Primary Source 1: S McCollum Primary Source 2: T Raulukaitis