Islamic+World

= __Imperialism in the Islamic World__ = =The Ottoman Empire= = toc =
 * Origins and Geographic Extent of the Ottomans**

**O****ttoman Empire began in late 1200’s**
 * Anatolia
 * Eastern part of Turkey
 * Took name from Osman I
 * Empire’s first sultan (king)
 * 1300’s**
 * Ottomans conquered parts of the Balkans
 * ** Added areas belonging to Byzantine Empire **
 * **Captured Byzantine capital**
 * **Constantinople**
 * **1453**
 * **Muhammad II (end of Byzantine Empire)**
 * **Constantinople later renamed Istanbul**

** 1453 **
 * Rulers were Muslim
 * Tolerant of Christians and Jews
 * Non muslims free to practice their religions
 * Greece, Serbia and Bosnia governed by Ottomans


 * 1500's **
 * Reached peak
 * Absolute monarch in religious and nonreligious affairs
 * Suleiman II (Son)
 * Waged naval warfare against Holy Roman Empire under Charles
 * Added most of Hungary to Ottoman Empire
 * Fought successfully against Persia
 * Conquered Arabian coastal regions
 * Supporter of the arts
 * Made city of Istanbul into world’s most beautiful capital



**1600's**
 * Stretched from Hungary in the west to Caspian Sea and western Persia in the east
 * Northern Africa and coastal regions of Arabia
 * ** Beginning of Decline in ** 1699
 * Ottoman's lost Hungary to Austrian nation
 * The Decline of the Ottoman Empire**


 * 1699+ **
 * Ottoman Empire begins its decline
 * Ottoman Empire lost Hungary to Austria
 * Reasons for decline **
 * __Lack of unity or identity among places under Ottoman rule__
 * __Succession of Ottoman rulers__
 * Sultan’s sons succeed Ottoman rulers-creates power struggles within royal family.
 * Fratricide (murder of brother by brother) was common
 * Disputes broke out between in royal families as to which son should be the next sultan
 * __Loss of major territories__
 * Greece and Serbia
 * Algeria (colony of France)
 * __Competition for the strategic location of Ottoman Empire__
 * (Access to Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea)
 * Russia interested in trade routes by Black Sea & Mediterranean-wants to gain access
 * Russia government goes to war
 * Crimean War
 * Russia vs Great Britain and France
 * Russia was defeated
 * Attempts at Reform **


 * After the Crimean War **
 * Ottoman government attempt reforms
 * Created national citizenship for all people within the empire’s borders
 * Established equality before law
 * Right of citizens to hold public office
 * Christians served alongside Muslims in army
 * Taxes and prison conditions reformed
 * Torture abolished
 * Guaranteed property right for all citizens of the empire
 * Sultan promises to punish any public official found to be corrupt
 * Government welcomed western influences
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1856-1876
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Railways and newspapers
 * Abdülaziz
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">First Ottoman sultan to travel to Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Visited Vienna, London, and Paris
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Guaranteed personal liberty, freedom of education & press, and parliamentary government
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Dismissed parliament and did away with constitution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Rule was strong and violent
 * The End of the Ottoman Empire

=The End of the Ottoman Empire=
 * Russians encourage rebellion in Slavic regions of Ottoman Empire **
 * Bosnia, Serbia, Bulgaria
 * Russia
 * A Slavic country
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Unites all Slavic people against Ottomans
 * 1877 **
 * Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire
 * Ottomans fight alone
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Russians force Ottomans to sign the ** Treaty of San Stefano **
 * ** 1878 **
 * __Breaks up much of the Ottoman Empire__
 * Serbia and Romania
 * Granted independence
 * Bulgaria
 * Semi independent
 * Bosnia
 * Agreed to reforms
 * Tensions rise between Britain and France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Concerned about security of Suez Canal
 * The "Suez Canal" issue will become extremely important during World War I
 * Collapse of ** ** Ottoman Empire **
 * Led to Russian **supremacy** (highest authority [see vocabulary list])
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Great Britain prepares for war
 * 1878 German Chancellor
 * Otto von Bismarck
 * Dominated Congress of Berlin
 * The Iron Chancellor

**The Islamic World After the Ottoman Empire**


 * Results of the Treaty of **** Berlin **

Many nations unhappy with Treaty of Berlin **
 * Russians agree to compromise on Bulgaria
 * Region divided into 3 sectors or districts under Treaty
 * Bulgaria and Bosnia
 * Remained within Ottoman Empire
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Austria-Hungary
 * Administered Bosnia
 * Great Britain
 * Won Cyprus
 * France
 * Got permission to colonize Tunisia
 * Germany
 * No land
 * Great Britain
 * Nervous about Russian supremacy in eastern Europe and German influence in the Middle East
 * Nationalists
 * Balkans and Slavs in Russia
 * Did not achieve unity
 * Turkish people
 * Believed peace was achieved at their expense (dismantling Ottoman Empire)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Great Britain and France
 * Proclaimed protectorates
 * Egypt
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Tunisia
 * Morocco
 * Western imperialist efforts whittled away Ottoman Empire
 * 1908-1913 **
 * Ottoman Empire suffers more losses
 * 1908 **


 * Young Turks seize control of Turkish government
 * Bulgaria becomes fully independent
 * Italy moved into Libya
 * Ottoman Empire gave up European territory to Balkan countries due to war


 * 1922 **
 * Kemal Atatürk
 * Seized power and proclaimed Turkey a republic
 * Became Turkey's first president



Vocabulary

 * Supremacy ** - supreme power or authority
 * // The //// Ottoman Empire //// wanted to maintain // **// supremacy //** // over major trade routes. //

Notes by Julie and Dominic
 * Sector ** - a district or region into which an area is divided
 * // Bulgaria, Bosnia, and //// Cyprus //// were three // **// sectors //** // that were made by the Treaty of //// Berlin //// . //

**Primary Source (A):**

The Young Turk's proclamation for the Ottoman Empire (1908) reaffirms the Ottoman "Bill of Rights". At a time when religious conservatives challenged liberal and democratic ideas, this declaration called for equal rights for all. Non-Muslims, for instance, would have their rights protected. The statements throughout the proclamation promote nationalism and unity in the Empire. One prime example of this is decree number seven, “The Turkish tongue will remain the official state language”. Having one national language promotes unity, which the Empire struggled to achieve. Basic liberties such as the rights to vote, to own property, and the right to education are all established by the proclamation. The Young Turks desired to be equals with European powers. The organization looked to Western Monarchies (instead of Asian monarchies) for inspiration and guidance. [|http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1908youngturk.html] - DD

= Primary Source (B): = The Bill of Rights was an example of the Ottoman government's attempt to reform and save its empire from declining. This primary source is the Bill of Rights (1856) of the  Ottoman Empire. The sultan's plan was to renew institutions with the nobility of his empire. He would then reach his desire by using his allies as a benefit. The sultan also said that the promise made on their part by Hatt-i Humayan of Gulhane was approved and measures will be taken into action after the bill is implemented. All other privileges will be acknowledged and confirmed from the sultan's ancestors. It was also stated that if someone was discriminated against because of their religion, language, or race, they should be punished under the laws of Administrative Protocol. All types of religion should be freely practiced, and no one should feel the need to change their religion because of discrimination. Equality was promoted by the preceding laws because they applied to all people in the Empire, no matter what their race, religion, language, or social status was. The Tribunals (Muslims, Christians, or other non-Muslim subjects) should be public. Laws regulating the purchase, sale, and disposal of real property are accepted throughout the empire. Taxes are to be charged in the same denomination from all subjects of the empire without discrimination against social class or religion. Another law that was previously passed declared that the budget of the Revenue and Expenditure of the State should be planned and published every year. This document not only reformed the Ottoman government's imperialistic policies (that may not have been in the best interest of the citizens of the Empire), but provided an advancement in the standard of living of every citizen. The rights introduced in the Bill of Rights (1856) are still not seen in some Middle Eastern countries today. The liberal rights achieved by this bill were ahead of their time (in that part of the world), and are recognized as the beginning of true liberal feelings in the  Ottoman Empire.

[|http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/analyzing/documents/analyzingdocsintro.html] -KM

= Political Cartoon (A): =

= =  Otto Von Bismarck is shown at the Congress of Berlin saying “Gentleman, there is really no more   Turkey,” which literally means that the Ottoman Empire is going to dissolve and become the nation of Turkey. All of its former territories will become split into nation-states made up of the different peoples living in the former empire.

The cartoon could also be interpreted as Bismark saying to other Imperial European countries that  Germany has already taken the opportunity to expand its influence in the Middle East. Germany worked closely with Turkey when building a railroad from Istanbul to Baghdad, which opens up more trade with the Middle East for both countries. Metaphorically, Germany has eaten all the opportunity surrounding Turkey, leaving the other European countries hungry for more economic power.

Write up by DM and DD

=Political Cartoon (B):=

This political cartoon is right on target when it comes to the Ottoman Empire. This cartoon shows the process in which Turkey was divided up and shared among the other countries of Europe and the Middle East. It was very hard for the leaders of European imperial nations to find a way to divide Turkey among themselves. During the time of the Ottoman Empire many nations were fought over. Turkey had the largest area and many imperialistic nations wanted it. Turkey had been allies of Germany for a long time. They worked side by side on certain issues. So, it is proven that Turkey was a very powerful nation; it caused many nations to think about how they were going to divide it up equaly and maintain peace among themselves.

Write up by ZI

=Quiz (A):=

1. **What was NOT a reason for the decline of** **Ottoman Empire?** a) Lack of unity or identity b) Loss of major territories c) Competition for strategic location d) Demand for land

2. **What policies did the**  **Ottoman Empire put in place to stop its decline?** a) National citizenship for all people within the empire’s borders b) Christians allowed to serve alongside the Muslims in army c) Tax and prison conditions reformed d) All of the above

3. **What did NOT happen because of the Treaty of Berlin?** a)  Germany gains land   b)   France got permission to colonize Tunisia c)  Great Britain won Cyprus   d)   Austria-Hungary administered Bosnia

4. **Why were nations unhappy with the Treaty of Berlin?** a.) They were n ervous about Russian supremacy in Eastern Europe and German influence in the Middle East b.) France g ot permission to colonize Tunisia c.) Balkans and Slavs in Russia did not achieve unity d.) Both a & c

5. **What was a reason for the decline of The Ottoman Empire?** a.) <span style="font-family: Arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Sultan’s sons succeed Ottoman rulers-creates power struggles within royal family b.) Imperialism in the Far East c.) An increase in German influence over Turkey d.) Liberalism Quiz by KP

=Quiz (B):=

1. **All of these are reasons for the decline of the** **Ottoman Empire except** a) Lack of unity b) Strategic location c) Population d) Succession of Ottoman rulers

2. **Why did Russia want the Ottoman Empire to break apart?** a) They wanted land b) Wanted Ottomans under their rule c) Hope to unite all Slavics against the Ottomans d) They had better resources

3. **Why did France and Great Britian side with the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War?** a)  Russia was trying to take over France as well.   b) To prevent   Russia from gaining more control in Europe c) France wanted  Russia under their control.   d)   France and the Ottoman Empire were under the same government.

4. **The Reform that created national citizenship for all people within the empire’s borders did all except** a) Abolish torture b) Reform taxes and guarantee property rights c) Allow Christians to serve with Muslims in the army d) Give freedoms of the press

5. **Abdulhamid ll’s new constitution guaranteed all except** a) Personal liberty b) Parliamentary government c) Freedom of education d) Reformed prison conditions

Quiz by JC =Sources=


 * [] Found by KM


 * http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/835/10563.pdf -Document on laws found by KM


 * [] - This is a primary source from the Young Turks that I found. It could be useful along with other materials from this site - [] Found by DD


 * [|http://www.wsu.edu:8001/~dee/OTTOMAN/CONTENTS.HTM] this is a link to a primary source that has to do with the Ottoman empire and has other background information Found by ZI


 * http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html - Ottoman Empire/Turkish Laws. By KM


 * [] general in found by ZI


 * [] section review found by ZI


 * http://www.hilalplaza.com/fall-of-ottoman-empire.html -Primary Source about the fall of the Ottoman Empire. By KM


 * [] all about the ninteenth century found by ZI


 * Political Cartoons [|http://www.cartoonstock.com/vintage/directory/o/ottoman_empire.as] Found by DD

=Group Members= **//J Caswell - Quiz Questions D DeFilipi - Editor and Primary Source//** //**Z Iadarola - Political Cartoon D Maznicki - Political Cartoon K Morrell - Primary Source K Pruden - Quiz Questions J Samson - Notes K Sloan***** - Notes**//

//** *  **//// KS went home sick and was unable to contribute // JS and DD took KS's notes assignment